Fragile states are countries with weak institutions, limited capacity to provide basic services, and low legitimacy in the eyes of their citizens. They are especially vulnerable to conflict, political instability, economic collapse, and external shocks. In international relations, state fragility is a major concern for global security, development, and humanitarian action.

• OECD. (2018). States of fragility 2018: Highlights. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264302075-en