Risk Society is a concept developed by sociologist Ulrich Beck to describe a modern society increasingly preoccupied with managing and responding to risks created by technological advancement, globalization, and environmental hazards. In international relations, it highlights how global risks, such as climate change, nuclear proliferation, or pandemics transcend borders and require cooperative governance beyond traditional state-centric models.

• Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). Sage Publications.