Polarity refers to the structure of the international system based on the distribution of power among major states or “poles.” It describes how many dominant powers exist at a given time and how this configuration shapes global order, alliances, and conflict dynamics. The main types are unipolarity (one dominant power), bipolarity (two major powers), and multipolarity (multiple influential powers).

• Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. McGraw-Hill.