Geopolitics is a framework for analyzing how geography influences political behavior and international relations. It focuses on the ways in which states, organizations, and other actors seek to achieve political objectives through the control of geographical entities, such as places, regions, territories, and networks—at various scales. These spatial dimensions are viewed as strategic resources that can be leveraged for political, economic, or military advantage. At its core, geopolitics examines the international struggle over these entities and how such struggles shape global power dynamics. It involves a global perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of local actions and global consequences.

• Colin Flint, Introduction to Geopolitics, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 16, 36–39.
• Utah State University. (n.d.). Geopolitics defined. Aggies Go Global. https://chass.usu.edu/international-studies/aggies-go/geopolitics-defined
• CFA Institute. (2025). Introduction to geopolitics. https://www.cfainstitute.org/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings/2025/introduction-geopolitics