Bilateralism refers to foreign policy relations established through reciprocal agreements, negotiations, or cooperation between two states. Compared to multilateral arrangements, this framework involves a more limited number of actors, enabling more direct and flexible interactions. From an international relations theoretical perspective, bilateralism can be analyzed through the lenses of both realist and liberal paradigms. From a realist standpoint, such relations are viewed as reflections of strategic calculations grounded in the balance of power. Conversely, liberal theory regards bilateralism as a constructive mechanism that enhances interdependence and cooperation opportunities. Ultimately, bilateralism serves as a significant diplomatic tool that allows states to pursue pragmatic and strategic choices in foreign policy, thereby consolidating their positions within the global system.

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