Diplomatic sanctions are measures taken by one or more countries to express disapproval or pressure another country to change its behavior without resorting to military force. They are typically used in response to actions deemed unacceptable, such as human rights violations, acts of aggression, or violations of international law.

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• Giumelli, Francesco. Coercing, Constraining and Signaling: Explaining UN and EU Sanctions After the Cold War. ECPR Press, 2011.