Refers to informal or unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities. Track II diplomacy often involves non-governmental actors such as academics, retired civil servants, civil society leaders, and other influential individuals without formal negotiating authority. Plays an important role in conflict resolution and international relations by generating innovative ideas that can inform and enhance formal diplomatic efforts by promoting mutual understanding.

• Montville, J. V. (1991). Track Two diplomacy: The work of healing history. In J. W. McDonald & D. B. Bendahmane (Eds.), Conflict resolution: Track two diplomacy (pp. 161–175). Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy.