Transnationalism refers to the process and situation in which people, ideas, goods, and institutions cross national borders to form connections and networks that operate across multiple countries. Unlike globalization, which often focuses on large-scale processes such as trade, communication, and culture, transnationalism emphasizes the connections and networks that exist between people and communities in different countries. Examples include expatriates voting in elections in their home countries and participating in political movements across borders. Consequently, transnationalism emphasizes the more personal and societal interconnectedness of the modern world, showing how global processes affect and are shaped by local and cross-border interactions.

• Schiller, N. G., Basch, L., & Blanc, C. K. (1992). Transnationalism: A new analytic framework for understanding migration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645(1), 1-24.