Extrajudicial refers to actions or decisions that occur outside the formal judicial or legal system, usually without the approval or involvement of a court or legal authority. These actions are generally not authorized by law and can include a range of activities such as arrests, sentencings, killings, or other measures taken without due process or legal oversight. Examples include extrajudicial killings or extrajudicial detentions, where individuals are executed without a legal trial.

• Smith, J. (2020). Understanding extrajudicial actions: Legal and ethical implications. Journal of Human Rights Law, 15(2), 145-162.