Multilateralism refers to the practice of involving multiple countries or multiple parties in collaborative efforts and decision-making processes. The main goal is to work together through international institutions, treaties, or agreements to address global problems or achieve common goals. Coordinated efforts from multiple countries are necessary to effectively address pandemics and climate change or other challenging global issues.

• Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International Organization, 46(3), 561-598.